July 1, 2002
MORAL CLARITY
William Bennett, former Secretary
of
Education in the Reagan administration, Co-Director of Empower America,
and
author of numerous books, has for quite some time been regarded as the
moral
conscience of America. He has now published a new book Why
We Fight.
Moral Clarity And the War On Terrorism, which is the
subject of this
installment.
Bennett makes the point that the September 11 tragedy brought about a
moment of
"moral clarity" in America when all people felt a renewed sense of
patriotism and justified anger at the outrage which was committed
against us.
He then warned that this anger must not be allowed to be replaced by
questions
as to why we fight this war on terrorism America is engaged in. We must
persevere until final victory is achieved. Patriotism, which in his
view, rules
out any questioning how our government conducts its foreign and
domestic
policy, also precludes questions how we got into the current war in the
first
place. Well, this is all fine and good because Mr. Bennett is entitled
to his
opinions like anybody else but he then infuses the anger, which by now
has
largely dissipated, with a moral purpose. He points out that
Jesus
was not a pacifist, had no objections to war and that
the
Catholic Church condones a "just war,"which is what we are waging
because we have undoubtedly been attacked.
Let us now take a look at how Mr. Bennett arrived at his opinion. He
admits
that Jesus said "love your enemies," as well as "all who take
the sword will perish by the sword," and that these words "in their
unequivocal aversion to the use of force have resonated down the
centuries with
a clarion purity." Now comes, however, the "but" which Mr.
Bennett condemns when used in relation to our current policies."But as
so
much in the Bible, they are not the only or last words on the matter;
they are not
even Jesus' own last words on the matter." As examples Bennett cites Jesus
praising the Roman centurion "a soldier and a man of violence,"
who had requested the healing of his servant. Furthermore, that Jesus
said he
had "not come to bring peace to the earth but a 'sword;'"
that "at Gethsemane" he had said "'The one who has no
sword must sell his cloak and buy one'." In addition Peter was
rebuked from fighting with the people who had come to arrest Jesus not
because
Jesus was averse to violence but because the arrest was necessary to
fulfill
the will of the Father.
This was the best Mr. Bennett could come up with, but the
context in
which the mentioned words were uttered is all important. As
far as the
Roman centurion, "a man of violence" in Bennett's words, is concerned
the story occurs twice in the New Testament. A short version was
provided by
Matthew in chapter 8:5-10, and an expanded form by Luke in chapter
7:2-10. In
Matthew, Jesus marveled at the faith of the centurion who believed that
a
single word spoken by Jesus would heal his servant and there is no
comment as
to what kind of person he might have been. Luke gives us a fuller
picture.
While in Matthew the centurion had come in person to ask for help, in
Luke's
version the centurion had asked Jewish elders to intercede with Jesus
on behalf
of the sick servant. These elders convinced Jesus that the centurion
was a
worthy man who "loves our people, and it is he who built a synagogue
for
us [7:5]." Thus Luke makes it clear that it wasn't the
centurion's
profession which raised Jesus' compassion but that he was a good person.
When Jesus said that he did not bring peace
but a
"sword" to the world, Bennett admits that it was meant metaphorically.
The subsequent statements that families would be torn apart on account
of Jesus
was simply a recognition of reality and did not require a great deal of
foresight. A teaching which breaks with the
established order,
tells people that they must follow him even to the point of
forsaking
their families is bound to be disruptive. Some family members
converted to the new faith, while others did not with resulting
discord. But
this has nothing to do with condoning war.
In regard to Luke's passage that the disciples should buy a
sword
the context is again all important.
Contrary
to what Bennett wrote, the mentioned words were spoken at the end of
the Last
Supper after Peter had declared his fidelity. As we are all aware,
Jesus had to
tell him that before the cock crowed Peter will have denied knowing him
three
times. Subsequently
He said to them. 'When I sent you out without a purse, bag, or sandals,
did you
lack anything?' They said 'No, not a thing.' He said to them, 'But now,
the one
who has a purse must take it and likewise a bag. And the one who has no
sword
must sell his cloak and buy one. For I tell you the scripture must be
fulfilled
in me. 'And he was counted among the lawless,' and indeed what is
written about
me is being fulfilled. They said 'Lord, look, here are two swords.' He
replied,
'It is enough.' [Lk. 22:35-38].
This surely puts the situation into a completely different
light from
what Mr. Bennett wanted us to believe. Jesus' aversion to the use of
violence
is also attested to by his reaction at the time of the arrest
While he was still speaking, suddenly a crowd came, and the one called
Judas,
one of the twelve, was leading them. He approached Jesus to kiss him
but Jesus
said to him, 'Judas is it with a kiss that you are betraying the Son of
Man?'
When those who were around him saw what was coming, they asked, 'Lord,
should
we strike with the sword?' Then one of them struck the slave
of the
high priest and cut off his right ear. But Jesus
said, 'No more of this!' And he touched his ear and healed him
[Lk.
22:47-51].
Thus if one wants to find justification for war other sources
than the
words and deeds of Jesus need to be used. The same
applies to
the teachings of Paul which were also used by Bennett to
bolster his
case. After having mentioned Paul's admonition "'Do not repay evil for
evil, but take thought of what is noble in the sight of all. If it is
possible
live peaceably with all. Believers, never avenge yourselves.'" Bennett
goes on "'the authority does not bear the sword in vain' but is
rather 'the servant of God to execute wrath on the wrongdoer.'"
Thereafter Bennett quotes from "the first letter of Peter,
where that disciple reminds his recipients that human
institutions are
'sent by [God] to punish those who do wrong and praise those who do
right.'"
Now let's look what Paul said in Romans 13 from which the
quote has
been taken out of context. The first four verses are:
Let every person be subject to the governing authorities; for there is
no
authority except from God, and those authorities that exist have been
instituted by God. Therefore, whoever resists authority resists what
God has
appointed, and those who resist will incur judgement. For rulers are
not a
terror to good conduct, but to bad. Do you wish to have no fear of the
authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive approval; for it
is God's
servant for your good. But if you do what is wrong, you should be
afraid, for
the authority does not bear the sword in vain! It is the servant of God
to
execute wrath on the wrongdoer [13:1-4].
Thus the context is not a justification for war by a ruler but
an
admonition to individual Christians for proper every day conduct.
The same applies to the first letter of Peter. Chapter 2
verses 13-15
are the relevant ones, "Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for
the Lord's sake: whether it be to the king, as supreme, Or unto
governors, as
unto them that are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers, and for
the
praise of them that do well. For it is God's will that by doing right
you
should silence the ignorance of the foolish." It takes again a wide
leap
of imagination to get from personal conduct to the right to wage a war
by
rulers. I have used The New Greek-English Interlinear New Testament
for the biblical quotes. The reason is explained in my forthcoming book
A
Jesus for Our Time.
Now let us consider what has become the scriptural excuse, and I use
the word
advisedly, for the idea of "just war." The concept
was first formulated by St. Thomas of Aquinas' in his
Summa
Theologica. The Summa are an enormous treatise by this
eminent
thirteenth century theologian and Peter Kreeft's A Summa of the
Summa
contains over five hundred pages of text. The "just war" concept was,
however, not deemed important enough by that author to be included. One
is
required to look in the total Summa, which take up over
eighteen
hundred pages to find the three and a half which deal with war. I was
aided in
this search by Darrell Cole's "Good Wars" in the October 2001 issue
of "First Things" who provided the reference. In article 1 of Book II
Part II under Question XL Whether it is Always Sinful To Wage War?
[Emphasis
in the original] St. Thomas wrote :
We proceed to the first article: It seems that it is always sinful to
wage
war...
On the contrary, Augustine says in a sermon
on the
son of the centurion: 'If the Christian Religion forbade war
altogether, those
who sought salutary advice in the gospel would rather have been
counseled to
cast aside their arms, and give up soldiering altogether. On the
contrary they
were told: 'Do violence to no man ... and be content with your pay!'
(Luke 3.
14). If he commanded them to be content with their pay, he did
not
forbid soldiering'.
St. Thomas had made the servant into a son but that is immaterial. He
then
listed three conditions which allow "for a war to be just." They are:
the authority of a sovereign, rather than of a private individual; a
just cause
and a right intention by the belligerents. It is not my purpose here to
question whether or not these conditions are currently met, but rather
to
explore the gospel authority on which all the rest hangs. As repeatedly
mentioned context is everything and when St Augustine (354-430 A.D.)
said "he
commanded them" one would immediately assume that the bishop
had
referred to Jesus. This was not the case. The words came from
John the
Baptist! After he had called people who came to be baptized
"you
brood of vipers [Lk. 3:7]," they asked him what they should do to be
saved. The full quote of the relevant section is :
Even tax collectors came to be baptized, and they asked him 'Teacher
what
should we do?' He said to them, 'Collect no more than the amount
prescribed for
you.' Soldiers also asked him. 'And we, what should we do?' He said to
them,
'Do not extort money from anyone by threats or false accusation, and be
satisfied
with your wages' [Lk. 3:12-14].
This is all any of the gospels say about the duties of soldiers and
there is no
evidence that Jesus had ever addressed the issue of
war.
His kingdom was not of this
world and
his name is being misused when political issues, apart
from
paying taxes, are supposedly condoned by him.
As far as righteous anger is concerned, of which Mr.
Bennett
seems so fond, I would suggest to him the books by Seneca On
Anger, which are available in Seneca. Moral and Political
Essays by Cooper and
Procopé. Seneca, a stoic
philosopher, was for several years Nero's tutor and conscience but
eventually
had to pay with his life for this thankless task. As is apparent from
the
content of the books Seneca concerned himself mainly with lingering
resentment
which turns to hate, rather than the sudden surge of anger all of us
intermittently experience. This is why his thoughts are so important
for today.
Seneca wrote:
Now look at its consequences and the losses which it [anger]
occasions. No
plague has cost the human race more. You will see slaughter,
poisoning, charge and sordid counter-charge in the law-courts,
devastation of
cities, the ruin of whole nations, persons of princely rank for sale at
public
auction, buildings set alight and the fire spreading beyond the city
walls,
huge tracts of territory glowing in flames that the enemy kindled
[1:2,1].
What accounts for it?
{Anger is 'a burning desire to avenge a wrong' or, according to
Posidonius, 'a
burning desire to punish him by whom you think yourself to have been
unfairly
harmed' [1:2,3]. There is no need to chastise in anger if error and
crime are
to be repressed. Anger is a misdemeanour of the soul
and one
ought not to correct wrong-doing while doing wrong oneself [1:16,1].
Reason gives
time to either side, and then demands a further adjournment to give
itself room
to tease out the truth: anger is in a hurry. Reason wishes to pass a
fair
judgment: anger wishes the judgment which it has already passed to seem
fair
[1:18, 1]
If we wish our judgment to be fair in all things, we must start from
the
conviction that no one of us is faultless For here
is where
indignation most arises - 'I haven't done anything wrong,' 'I haven't
done a
thing!' On the contrary you won't admit [emphasis in the
original]
anything! We grow indignant at any rebuke or punishment, while at that
very
moment doing the wrong of adding insolence and obstinacy to our
misdeeds [2:28,
1].
How is it, then, that wrongs by enemies provoke us? Because we
did not
anticipate them, or certainly not on that scale. This is a result of
excessive
self-love. We consider that we ought not to be harmed, even by
enemies. Each of us has within him the mentality of a monarch; he would
like carte
blanche for himself but not for any opposition. So it is either
arrogance
or ignorance of the facts that makes us prone to anger [2:31, 3].
'But there is pleasure in anger - paying back pain is sweet.' Not in
the
slightest! The case is not like that of favors, where it is honorable
to reward
service with service. Not so with wrongs. In the one case, it is
shameful to be
outdone; in the other to outdo. 'Retribution' - an inhuman word and
what is
more, accepted as right - is not very different from wrongdoing, except
in the
order of events. He who pays back pain with pain is doing
wrong; it is
only that he is more readily excused for it [2:32, 1].
How about this moral clarity Mr. Bennett? Was this
stoic pagan
not more of a Christian than those of us who carry Jesus on their lips
but
ignore or pervert his real message?
But let's face it what is really behind most of the hatred against us?
Is it
not also in part our unqualified support of the state of Israel
regardless of
the conduct of its politicians? Even if it were just an excuse by the
Arab
world for their hatred of American policies (mind you they don't hate us,
but merely what is done in our name), should we not remove this excuse
from
them rather than perpetuate it? Mr. Bennett had this to say about the
state of
Israel after he had on a previous page placed our "one-sided" support
of that country in quotation marks, as if he really thought we were
even handed
in this matter. In the chapter "The Case of Israel," Bennett
wrote :
I want to put it positively. Our essential human kinship with
Israel
is something like our kinship with Great Britain, but it is also more
particular and less blood-related than that. It is a
deep-rooted
feeling of linked destinies, a feeling that echoes back to our
founding and to the earliest conceptions of the American experiment
itself,
that new birth of freedom which our fathers identified with the
Biblical
Israelite's emergence from the darkness of bondage. And I believe it
also has
to do with an understanding, almost religious in nature, that
to our
two nations above all others has been entrusted the fate of liberty in
the
world. That - the survival of liberty - is precisely what our
efforts
to eradicate terrorism are all about.
Keeping faith with
the people of Israel in their still unfinished confrontation with evil
is, to
me, a species of keeping faith with ourselves; breaking faith, a
species of
self-negation. It is exactly that simple, and exactly that difficult,
and
exactly that consequential.
These are deeply disturbing passages, from a chapter
which is
full of them, especially when they come from a person who is widely
respected
and listened to by our administration. I don't believe that most
Americans feel
a "kinship" with the state of Israel, they might with the people, but
not necessarily the state. Americans may also love the country, for
biblical
reasons, but this does not imply that they, therefore, have to endorse
the
policies which are carried out in that country at the present time. To
link our "destiny" with the policies of a foreign state strikes me as
absurd. The Bible should not be our guide to foreign policy,
just as
it should be impermissible to use the Koran for that purpose by some
Arab
fanatics. I also have a feeling that Mr. Bennett, who seems to be so
enamored
with the ancient Israelites, is unaware that the honor for
having carried out the first jihad
in recorded history belongs to Moses! Wars
have, of
course, always been with the human race but the ancients were more
honest about
them. They fought either to enlarge their lands, take prisoners for
labor
purposes, and enrich themselves; or in self defense. The introduction
of religious
war, ostensibly for the sake of religion, was Moses' idea.
In the book of Numbers we can read that there was
serious
discontent in the Israelite camp about intermarriage and the
introduction of
the worship of Baal. Moses' authority was challenged by a highly
regarded
individual, Zimri, who had married a Midianite wife and was loath to
divorce
her just on Moses' say so. Zimri and his wife Cozbi where then killed
by
faithful Phinehas who has subsequently become a role-model for
religious zeal.
Thereafter Moses launched a full scale attack against the
Midianites.
A fuller version of the dispute between Zimri and Moses can be found in
Josephus' The Antiquities of the Jews. It would seem,
however, that
the punitive expedition had the additional purpose of diverting the
people's
attention from the internal problems and concentrating it on an
external enemy.
This is, of course, still common practice today when politicians are in
trouble. Although Moses himself had been involved with at least two
foreign
women, the "Cushite" and Zipporah, this did not matter. Moses was in
charge and intended to remain so. One may also wonder whatever happened
to father-in-law
Jethro - the priest of Midian - who had treated Moses so hospitably,
when the
latter had been a refugee from Egypt where he was wanted for homicide. This
war was not against some foreign enemy whose land one wanted
to
conquer, but against Moses' in-laws and seems
to
represent the first purely religious war. It was
fought
with appropriate fury as Numbers 31: 1-18 testify to. First
the
Israelites killed every male. The cities were burned and the "spoil,"
which included women and children, as well as all the property, was
brought
before Moses. Instead of being pleased he was incensed: "Have ye saved
all
the women alive?" Those were the ones that brought on the trouble in
the
first place "now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and
kill
every woman that hath known man by lying with him. But all the women
children,
that have not known man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves."
Thus the pattern for religious persecution was established and has been
followed ever since. Mohammed used the Arabic word for "holy war,"
but the practice had been established and endorsed by the Jewish
religion more
than a millennium earlier.
And how does Prime Minister Sharon see the future of
his
country? Bob Novak, a conservative commentator, wrote in the National
Weekly
Edition June 24-30, 2002 of the Washington Times an editorial
headlined,
"Sharon rivets senators with his take on the Mideast." The Prime
Minister "Speaking off the record to mostly uncritical American
politicians, the old soldier-statesman was even more blunt. Mr. Sharon
pointed
to no Israeli-Palestinian deal for at least 10 years and
talked of a
hundred years struggles with Arabs. Warning of Egyptian and
Saudi
duplicity, he informed the senators that removal of Saddam Hussein from
Iraq
would be the best way to deal with the Palestinians." Sharon wants to
keep
the West bank and Gaza, because they were promised to the Israelites by
God,
expand the settlements therein and for that purpose hopes to get one
million
Jewish immigrants from France, Russia and Argentina. This is precisely
the
scenario I outlined in Whither Zionism? and why I wrote the
book in
the first place. It is updated in the January and April 2002
installments on
this website Whatever Mr. Arafat or any newly elected
Palestinian
leaders may want or do is irrelevant and to be used only as a
smokescreen for perpetuating and expanding Jewish presence on
Palestinian soil.
Americans are not only to condone this program but finance it as well.
There's moral clarity for you Mr. Bennett! You want us to fight
this
war on terror until victory is achieved, but you fail to define what
this
victory consists of. Since the war is also regarded
as between
"good and evil," there can be no end because evil and good are
intermixed in every human being. You have condemned our
children and
grandchildren to an interminable religious struggle on foreign soil
while we
are losing our religious freedom here. Grade school children must not
be
exposed to the word "God" by their teachers, although they can be
instructed in the joys of sex! This is the Western civilization we seem
to be
defending.
From one Catholic to another I would like to ask you Mr.
Bennett please
reconsider your stance, for the sake of God and our children. Go
to the occupied territories, talk with Hanan Ashrawi, read her book This
Side of Peace, spend a week with ordinary
Palestinians, listen
to them, and then write another book in the light of correct
information rather
than being swayed by religious sentiment and Israeli propaganda.
You
are a decent, intelligent person and can serve our country better than
with the
opinions expressed in Why We Fight.
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